嵌齿象类在早-中中新世的扩散模式和组合特征。 中科院古脊椎所 供图
王世骐称,此次研究不但总结了临夏盆地嵌齿象类的演化支系、演化序列及其生物年代学意义,也是嵌齿象类在早-中中新世全球扩散模式的提炼和总结。
他介绍说,嵌齿象类是长颌的丘型乳齿象,中间颊齿有3个齿脊,它自2000万-1900万年前的早中新世从非洲进入欧亚大陆,迅速在全球扩散,在这一过程中产生了单系的豕棱齿象科、铲齿象科和并系的嵌齿象科3个支系,后者为真象的基干类群。这3类嵌齿象主要以下颌和门齿的形态相区别,反映出它们不同的取食方式及适应不同生存环境。
甘肃临夏盆地具有比较完整的、约1900万-1300万年前早中新世晚期-中中新世(除最晚期)的连续地层,其中发现3科4属共8种嵌齿象类化石,为中国同期地层中嵌齿象类多样性最高的地区之一,包括豕棱齿象科的广河“豕棱齿象”;铲齿象科的短吻“原直齿象”、维曼“原直齿象”、同心铲齿象、格氏铲齿象;“嵌齿象科”的窄齿嵌齿象相似种、意外嵌齿象、塔氏嵌齿象。
王世骐指出,对临夏盆地嵌齿象类化石,研究团队揭示出多项专业分类问题,并依据其演化水平将嵌齿象从下至上分为3个组合:
一是最下部的古城动物群包括广河“豕棱齿象”、短吻“原直齿象”、窄齿嵌齿象相似种、意外嵌齿象4种嵌齿象类,可与南亚2000万-1800万年前、非洲1800万-1700万年前地点的嵌齿象组合对比,辅以古城动物群的小哺乳组合,将其时代定为1900万-1800年前。
二是中部的石那奴动物群包括维曼“原直齿象”、同心铲齿象、意外嵌齿象、塔氏嵌齿象4种组合,它们与一些非洲和欧洲早-中中新世之交的动物群有一些相同成分,辅以石那奴动物群的小哺乳组合,将其时代定为1700万-1500万年前,恰对应于中中新气候适宜期。
三是最上部的曾家-老沟动物群仅包括格氏铲齿象和塔氏嵌齿象两种,依据该动物群其他大小哺乳动物组合,将其时代定为1500万-1300万年前,对应中中新气候转折期。该动物群嵌齿象组合独特(铲齿象占绝大多数),不见于欧洲、非洲、南亚,但与北美稍晚的嵌齿象类有共同成分,包括都具有铲齿象和亚丘型化嵌齿象的组合,这反映出中国与北美动物群在这一时期的密切联系。
王世骐表示,在距今1600万年之后的中中新世,中国北方逐渐出现铲齿象占绝对优势的情形,但铲齿象很少扩散到中国及中亚以外的区域。铲齿象是适宜开阔地带取食草本植物的类群,它的繁盛反映出中国北方及中亚地区由于青藏高原隆升导致开阔生境占据优势的生态特征。此外,北美独有的巨门齿象和真门齿象,虽然缺失下门齿,但它们的颊齿型态可以追溯到中国北方的“原直齿象”属。(完)
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾****** 中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。 资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。 麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。 一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。 此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。 作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。 美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。 这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。 从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。 两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。 House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy (ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy". The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader. Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party. On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration. On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses. Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees. As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives. But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker. CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful. This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally. Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits. From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public. Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world. The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
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